Jane Eyre By Charlotte Bronte - 1268 Words

Jane experiences issues in each of the settings she resides in. In Charlotte Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s novel, Jane Eyre, the Reed family abuses Jane at Gateshead. Similarly, Mr. Brocklehurst harms and strips Jane of her self confidence at Lowood, the institution he manages. After her time at Lowood, Rochester betrays Jane in his home, Thornfield Hall. In order to rid herself of that hurtful emotion, Jane escapes to the Moor house. However, at her supposed sanctuary, St. John, one of the members of the household, takes Jane’s power away. Jane drifts through multiple settings in the plot as a way to cope with the insecurities instilled in her. The Reed family violates Jane mentally in their home, Gateshead. John Reed instigates a quarrel that escalates†¦show more content†¦Mr. Brocklehurst, however, attempts to strip Jane of her identity at Lowood, her following destination. When Brocklehurst visits Lowood, he punishes Jane for dropping a slate. He publicly humiliates Jane by forcing her to stand on a stool for everyone to look at her. Jane, who becomes more marginalized, experiences the pain Brocklehurst causes her: she says, â€Å"I felt their eyes directed like burning-glasses against my scorched skin† (66). The mental pain from the punishment helps to soften any of Jane’s confidence. As a result, she becomes unsure of her self-worth. Jane begins to fall prey to the ideals of Lowood because she thinks of herself as inferior to individuals at the institution. The sense of even having an unsatisfactory disposition introduces breeding ground for Jane to lose herself in terms identity in order to improve herself. Jane’s change allows her to be in the uniformed, majority group, which helps her escape the setting of Brocklehurst’s wrath. Though Mr. Brocklehurst leaves the Lowood institution, Jane continues to feel the urge to leave the premises once the sense of a home is gone. Miss Temple helps manage the institution after Brocklehurst for many years. However, she eventually marries and leaves Lowood. Miss Temple’s absence, however, inadvertently makes Jane restless. To the audience, Jane conveys, â€Å"...it was not the power to be tranquil which had failed, but the reason for

Essay about To My Dear and Loving Husband - 820 Words

To my Dear and Loving Husband Romantic language in literature has been used for ages to express authors feelings for another human being. This language has been developed through out the years to create ways in which different types of romantic emotions can be expressed in writing. From the breath taking romantic novels of today all the way back to the first writers of the Bible and the romantic books of Song of Solomon and Psalms, romantic language has not only been used to express human emotions but also the role of these emotions in the culture of the times. There have been numerous authors who dared to go beyond what their society would have viewed as politically or morally correct. Anne Bradstreet is one of these authors;†¦show more content†¦The title, To my Dear and Loving Husband, clearly signifies that this poem was intended for her husband alone. Bradstreet did not live in a time where woman authors would have been very highly respected for their work; this allowed her the opportunity to c reate very personal pieces because she believed that they would never be published. If Bradstreet had intended for her poetry to become available for the public she would have been forced to write much differently. Bradstreet understood the implications of writing her true emotions and never would have done so if she had not felt that they would have been kept safe from the scrutiny of her fellow puritans. The fear of being ridiculed, banished or killed would have stopped Bradstreet from ever composing poetry for the public as racy as the poems she created for her family especially her husband. Due to the fact that she believed no one would read this poem besides her husband she was able to write more closely to how she truly felt without fear or trepidation, this is apparent in the fact that this particular poem is much different from many of her other poems. There are many aspects of the poem To my Dear and Loving Husband which set it apart from most of Bradstreets other poetry. The poem begins with one solid, short and concise sentence, this is far different than most of her poems which begin with a vague idea or a much longer complex statement. This shows a change in writingShow MoreRelatedMy Dear, And Loving Husband1656 Words   |  7 PagesTo My Dear, and Loving Husband Love â€Å"two were one†, love â€Å"live ever† Bradstreet states her countless love for her husband in her poem, â€Å"to my dear and loving Husband†. She shows the binding force that can adhesion two people into one. Her poem conveys crucial massage to her husband especially and to all her audiences about the significance of love in the sacred family. She prices this love more than any valuable things in this word. Her philosophy about the love is connect between the heaven andRead MoreMy Dear And Loving Husband By Anne Bradstreet929 Words   |  4 Pagescivilization, love is considered the deciding factor in taking that leap. Anne Bradstreet wrote in her poem To My Dear and Loving Husband â€Å"If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee; if ever wife was happy in a man, Compare with me ye women if you can (CITATION).† Even though she lived in a Puritan home, Bradshaw freely expressed her love for her husband. This e xpression could have been viewed as just as radical as homosexual marriage is today. One of the biggestRead MoreTo My Dear and Loving Husband by Anne Bradstreet Essay523 Words   |  3 PagesTo My Dear and Loving Husband by Anne Bradstreet If ever two were one, then surely we. If ever man were loved by wife, then thee; If ever wife was happy in a man, Compare with me ye women if you can. I prize thy love more than whole mines of gold. Or all the riches that the east doth hold. My love is such that rivers cannot quench, Nor ought but love from thee recompense Thy love is such I can no way repay, The heavens reward thee manifoldRead MoreTheme Of To My Dear And Loving Husband By Anne Bradstreet954 Words   |  4 PagesPoetry Analysis Poetry is a form of literature that can be both artistic and meaningful, with many similarities and differences between the poetry pieces created by the millions of famous poets throughout history. The poems â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† by Anne Bradstreet and â€Å"Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day† __ _______ ___________ are two examples of poetry masterpieces that not only have many things in common, but that also have things that make them unique and singular pieces of literatureRead More Analysis of To My Dear and Loving Husband by Anne Bradstreet752 Words   |  4 PagesAnalysis of To My Dear and Loving Husband by Anne Bradstreet Anne Bradstreet, the author of â€Å"To My Dear and Loving Husband† was a Puritan. This had great influence on the meaning and theme of her poem. This poem was actually not published until almost 40 years after she died. She lived in a harsh religious world where it was looked down upon for women to be courageous and smart. She lived a life that where she was unspoken and obedient to because of her religious belief. She had many concernsRead MoreAnne Bradstreet s Poem, My Dear And Loving Husband 1993 Words   |  8 Pagesand views by writing in her poetry journal. Out of all her many poems, ‘To My Dear and Loving Husband’ stuck out as, one with a simple message, with hidden meanings throughout. Though Bradstreet is known as one who made large bounds for her fellow women, the fact that she relies on her husband for a sense of self is present in the second line of the poem. Bradstreet â€Å"using the word â€Å"man,† not the corresponding term â€Å"husband†; this grants him a level of independence from the relationship that she doesRead MorePuritanism In My Dear Loving Husband, By Anne Dudley Bradstreet1144 Words   |  5 Pagesher relationship with her husband resulted in writing that reflected the religious and emotional conflicts she experienced as a puritan women. Anne Bradstreet died in1672 in Massachusetts at the age of 60. We will analyze three of her many successful writings to explore the connection of puritanism expressed in her work. The poem (My Dear Loving Husband) is a romantic tribute to her husband. She begins to exemplify their eternal love. She shows how much she values her husband and how she would neverRead MoreEssay on Analysis of Anne Bradstreets To My Dear and Loving Husband470 Words   |  2 PagesAnalysis of Anne Bradstreets To My Dear and Loving Husband Anne Bradstreets poem, To My Dear and Loving Husband, shows her profound love and undying affection for her husband. For a Puritan woman who is supposed to be reserved, Bradstreet makes it her obligation to enlighten her husband of her devotion. She conveys this message through her figurative language and declarative tone by using imagery, repetition, and paradoxes. Over and over again she expresses her adoration for him withRead MoreAn Analysis of Anne Bradstreets Poem, To My Dear and Loving Husband611 Words   |  3 PagesThe poem â€Å"To my Dear and Loving Husband† by Anne Bradstreet, is not just an exceedingly felt expression of a wife’s marital love and commitment to her husband, as it is about a puritan women who is supposed to be reserved but she makes it her obligation to enlighten her husband of her devotion. A thorough analysis of the poem’s paradox, hyperbole, imagery and repetition reveals how she conveys her message. The opening lines of the poem show how strong her feelings are for her husband. BradstreetRead MoreEssay about Love in Anne Bradstreets To my Dear and Loving Husband1407 Words   |  6 Pagesfeeling of deep affection; also, it mentions â€Å"Love is greatest†. The purpose of my essay is to analyze Anne Bradstreet as a loving, caring and Godly wife using the theme of the verse If ever two were one, then surely we†¦. from her poem To My Dear and Loving Husband. One of Anne Bradstreet’s great works involves the poem To my Dear and Loving Husband†. From this poem, we know that she is very much in love with her husband and children. Anne Bradstreet, Americas first published poet was born in Northampton

What Are the Intended Effects of the Opening of Ridley Scott’s ‘Gladiator’ and How Effective Are They Free Essays

Ridley Scott’s ‘Gladiator’ was released in 2000 and won five Oscars (Academy Awards); including â€Å"Best Film,† â€Å"Best Visual Effects† and â€Å"Best Director.† Scott cast some well known actors such as Russel Crowe and Richard Harris. Some reports suggest it cost an amazing à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½145 million. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Intended Effects of the Opening of Ridley Scott’s ‘Gladiator’ and How Effective Are They? or any similar topic only for you Order Now The casting of Crowe as Maximus was significant because he is able to portray a very well built, physically strong, battle-hardened leader. The character of Maximus contrasts with the casting of Harris as the ageing Emperor with his gaunt and tired looking features. From the very outset of the film, the director employs a sepia effect coupled with a dark, overcast almost monochrome effect. These combine to give the impression of imminent tragedy as well as conveying that the events are set in the distant past. The director has even asked the production companies ‘Universal’ and ‘DreamWorks’ to make their logos’ sepia to show continuity. The historical information provided helps the audience to place the film in a historical context. The use of old Roman font for the text further reinforces the context and genre. The information is factual, gives names and information of real people. It is clear that this is going a historical, action film but with a central theme about power, control and one man’s fight for his freedom from the killing and slaughter. The first shot is an extreme close up, when you would normally expect an extreme long shot to see the scene. The extreme close up is focusing on the actor’s hand floating through the grass. The slow quiet music helps to make the shot dreamlike. The main character seems calm because he is stroking the grass and he is wearing a wedding ring to show he is a family man. After the slow close up shot the director shows the character alone on the battlefield which makes the previous scene a definite dream. To establish that it was a dream the director jumps from a slow calm shot to a medium close up on the character in a more dark and gloomy shot. The character’s armour and wolf-skin shows that he is an important man. The cut to a robin (a bird usually seen in winter) with a dark background tells the audience that it is winter. After seeing the robin a small smile fights its way on to his face, which shows he is not just a gory, ruthless fighter and that he does have a gentle side. The extreme long shot is good to set the scene of the battlefield, which is a dark and gloomy forest. The name of the location ‘Germania’ is Roman for Germany, by using the Roman language it helps to establish the fact that it is an old, Roman film. This shot is more dramatic because it contrasts heavily with the previous dreamlike shot of the hand floating through a calm cornfield. The slow music (adagio) starts off the extreme long shot making the atmosphere calm and gentle, it also makes it ominous because the adagio music is playing in the battlefield shot. When the shot begins to zoom in the music becomes more lively and action packed just as the army starts coming into view so you know that they are going to war. The music includes trumpets and a few drums which makes the shot more martial. The sudden change in atmosphere and music starts to build up the tension and expectation that a great deal of action is imminent. As the shot moves to Marcus Aurelius, the audience can see that he is an important character. He is wearing gold along with a purple cape. The purple cape shows he is royalty because to make the colour purple a tiny sea creature called a Murex Mollusc was required. This creature was very rare and large quantities were required to make a small amount of dye. Therefore, purple garments were highly prized status symbols. Whilst zooming inward the camera shot used is a low angle which makes Marcus Aurelius seem very high on his horse. He is also just watching the war not doing anything and he has got a stern looking bodyguard. The director emphasises General Maximus’ authority by using a medium close up as he walks along all of his troops. Everyone is focused on him; they move out of the way, bow down and are always calling him sir to show complete respect. The costume he wears defines his authority, he wears more armour than the rest of his army and he is also wearing wolf-skin. The director stresses Maximus’ authority and respect by making his word final, the director shows this in the following quote, â€Å"The range is good† this is the sentence where Maximus cuts off the other soldier, also â€Å"†¦is acceptable†, then, â€Å"agreed†, Maximus speaks in a very low, quiet, considered tone of voice but the soldiers still listen with no question which shows their respect for him. In the pre-battle motivational speech to his men, Maximus uses the type of language that his men can understand to encourage and motivate them. â€Å"Three weeks from now I will be harvesting my crops. Think were you want to be and it will be so.† Here he is making them think positive about the future and set a goal for themselves. He then jokes that if they find themselves all alone they are already in Elysium (Roman afterlife). But then he uses a phrase that seems quite out of character for a tough, brutal general of an aggressive, imperial Roman army, â€Å"What we do in life echoes in eternity.† This line instantly marks out Maximus as having a spiritual and sentimental aspect to his character. There are many differences between the Romans and the German Tribesmen, for instance when Maximus is giving his speech all of his troops are in formation quietly listening and fully concentrating, by contrast the German Tribesmen are shouting and not giving any attention. The fighting style of the Romans is orderly, synchronised and they are in a perfect battle formation, the Tribesmen are in disorganised running around like a rabble. The Romans are equipped with matching armour and similar weapons whilst the Tribesmen have animal skins and rough individual weapons. The Romans appear to have a complete strategy and are disciplined, the Tribesmen just rely on their brute strength, and even their appearance is barbaric. The director helps to establish the difference between the two sides by taking the shots of each side one after the other. Toward the end of the battle the director employs a technique that seems completely unexpected. As the battle is raging, there is loud martial music with lots of trumpets, drums and war cries. However as the battle is coming to a conclusion and the Roman army is on the verge of victory, the director switches to slow motion shots and an adagio score. Instead of seeing triumphant Romans celebrating their victory and listening to triumphant music, the audience is left in a slightly confused state. It is almost as if the director is trying to communicate the futility of the death and destruction. As the last of the Germans are being slaughtered and fires are raging in the background the only human sound is the sound of heavy tired exhalation of breath, Even blood splattered, exhausted Maximus’ triumphant cry, â€Å"Roma Victor!† and his soldiers’ cheers are almost lost in the adagio. Then in a scene that seals the futility of war, the camera focuses a tired, old, weary Emperor as he takes a deep breath and closes his eyes in an expression that reveals his sad resignation that another battle has been won. At first glance, I just thought â€Å"Gladiator† was simply going to be a â€Å"blood and guts film,† But having watched it with greater attention, I believe it is a truly great film. Ridley Scott has carefully constructed an opening scene that brings out the futility of war and one mans struggle to be free. Scott had used many different effects such as; slow motion photography, quick change in atmosphere and an almost monochrome set with the orange of burning fires and sepia tones. The musical score has switched between triumphant martial music and a slow adagio hinting of imminent tragedy and sadness. Even the minimal dialogue between the characters complements the director’s intended effect. Overall this is a magnificent opening scene. How to cite What Are the Intended Effects of the Opening of Ridley Scott’s ‘Gladiator’ and How Effective Are They?, Papers

The Case Study of Anne Diagnosed with Appendicitis Free Sample

Question: Discuss the Case Study of Anne. Answer: Introduction: In this essay, case of Anne is discussed. She is diagnosed with appendicitis. Pathophysiology of Anne is discussed. Role of growth and development theories, developmentally appropriate care, family centered care and hospitalization of Anne are discussed. Pathophysiology: In this essay case if Anne is discussed. Anne is diagnosed with appendicits. Appendicits is mainly inflammation of the inner lining of vermiform appendix. This inflammation can also spread to other parts. Obstruction of the appendix mainly occurs due to episodes of constipation and low fiber diet. As a result, there is fecalith occlusion in the appendix. Obstruction of the appendix leads to the trapping of the bacteria within appendiceal lumen. These bacteria begin to multiply and as a result appendix distended. Hence, Anne was prescribed with antibiotics (Brogden and Streets, 2013). This leads to the raised intraluminal pressure which obstructs venous drainage. Due to obstruction of the appendix, there is occurrence of ischemia. Ischemia increases chances of bacterial infection due to loss of epithelial integrity. This leads to the open wound and impaired tissue integrity. Infection and ischemia together induces inflammation of appendix. Peritonitis is mentioned in Anne which is an inflammatory condition. Due to inflammation and thrombosis of the appendicular artery and veins there is necrosis and gangrene of appendix (Feldman et al., 2010). Perforation occurs in the gangrenous appendix. This perforation of the appendix is more common in younger children as compared to the adults. These perforations increase in the children with increase in the duration of symptoms. In Anne case this gangarene and perforated appendix condition mentioned. In the initial phase of the appendicitis, there may be only periumbilical pain because of T10 innervation of the appendix. Anne also mentioned about right iliac fossa pain. She was prescribed with morphine for relieving pain. Release of prostaglandin and bradykinin lead to the development of pain. Wound in the appendix stimulate nociceptors and send pain signals to the central nervous system. With the progression of the inflammation, there is formation of exudates on the appendiceal serosal surface. As result, exudate comes in contact with the parietal peritoneum and pain becomes more intensified and localized in the surrounding area (Story, 2011). Perforation of the appendix results in the release of mucus fluid due to inflammation and bacteria in the abdominal cavity. This leads to the intensified inflammation of the peritoneal surface and as a result there is development of peritonitis. This peritonitis can be of diffused or localized based on the spillage of the luminal contents in the omentum and the adjacent bowel. If these contents form abscess, pain and tenderness may be localized at the abscess site. If these contents are fluid, pain and tenderness become generalized throughout peritoneum (Loeffler, 2014). Growth and developmental theories: Nurse should incorporate growth and developmental theories in nursing intervention for Anne. These theories include psychoanalytic theories, learning theories, cognitive development theories and system theories. Eriksons Psychoanalytical theories specifically deal with the awareness of the unconscious activities to the children (White et al., 2005). Appendicitis is associated with the inflammation and pain of the appendix. Nurse should evaluate this knowledge in Anne through psychoanalytical theories. Nurse should evaluate knowledge about social aspects about the disease in Anne. Hence, Anne can discuss about disease with society members and her peers. Scientific understanding and behavioral change can be accomplished through use of Albert Bandura's learning theories (Berk, 2009). Nurse should assess the reasons behind obstruction of appendicitis in Anne. Learning theories can teach Anne to repeat desirable incidences and avoid undesirable incidences. Nurse should ask her about const ipation problem and her food habits. Nurse should advise her not to eat food which is responsible for constipation. Nurse should make her realize that an appendix is very common and serious problem in the children. Nurse should make her realize that her diseased condition can affect her family members negatively (Adler-Tapia, 2012). Generally, children are not aware of most of things. Hence, nurse should evaluate Annes knowledge and make her diseased condition understand. Piagets Cognitive developmental theory is very important in children because children are unable to distinguish between bad and good things as compared to the adults (Berk, 2009). Nurse should evaluate cognitive developmental theory in Anne to change her attitude towards right things. This would be helpful in curing Annes diseased condition. Anne can change her behavior towards right things by eating food which would not affect her appendix (Hahn et al., 2016). According to cognitive developmental theory, children are more eager to learn. Hence, nurse should utilize it and teach Anne about disease. Cognitive development theory dont have place for emotions, hence nurse should not get controlled by emotions of Anne. Bronfenbrenners Systems theories of development are mainly based on the interaction and association of different people including family members for changing behavior of children (Berk, 2009). Hence, nurse should evaluate family members of Anne for provision of good food. E valuation and execution of these developmental theories in Anne by nurse can definitely improve her disease condition (Leifer Fleck, 2013). Developmentally appropriate care: Diseased condition in the Annes age could have long term effect on her growth and development. Nurse should make aware Anne and her family members about this fact. Nurse should advise Anne and her family members to give more attention to food. Because, food can adversely affect appendix. Nurse should tell her that she should not get depressed due to her diseased condition. She should mingle with society members and her peers. She should not keep her detached from society. Nurse should tell her that society members can help her to improve her diseased condition. Disease condition in this age can adversely affect Anne both physically and mentally (Lowry-Lehnen, 2015). This age appropriate intervention would definitely be helpful in improving diseased condition of Anne. Family centered care: Family centered care is a vital component of the nursing intervention because children are not developed sufficiently to manage their disease condition. Annes family is her main force. Nurse should take this into consideration and involve her family members in providing nursing intervention to her. Nurse should enquire from her family members about her health issues, eating habits and psychological behavior. Based on this information, nurse can plan for her nursing intervention. Family members of Anne would be helpful in giving her emotional stability. It would also be helpful in improving morale of Anne. It would be helpful for Anne to tolerate social consequences. Nurse should give confidence to family members that proper medication can be definitely improve her condition (Law, 2012). Nurse should involve family members of Anne in planning and delivering nursing care to Anne. Nurse should educate Annes family members for managing pain due to appendix. Nurse should advise family members of Anne to maintain proper hygienic conditions because infection due to food can exaggerate disease condition in Anne. Nurse should advise her family members to administer plenty of fluids. It can be helpful in removing obstruction in the appendix (Chalmers, 2017). Understanding of the disease condition can relive stress on family members of the patient and improve confidence in recovery. Nurse should understand Anne and her mothers feelings and should give respect to them. Nurse should use respectful words with them. Nurse should comprehend strengths and weaknesses of Anne and her mother. Nurse should plan nursing interventions based on these strengths and weaknesses. Nurse should keep in mind socioeconomic and cultural background of Anne and her family while providing nursing intervention. Nurse should make aware of Annes accurate health condition to her family members. Nurse should also make them aware of anticipated effect on appendix after the completion of the nursing intervention (Barnsteiner et al., 2014). Children didnt feel stress, if nursing intervention provided in the presence of their family members. By keeping this in mind, nurse should provide nursing intervention to Anne in presence of her family members. It is well proved that proper communication with family members is important for providing effective nursing intervention to children. Hence, nurse should ascertain proper communication with family members because it is difficult for Anne to understand health related issues. Communication with family members would be helpful in improving knowledge of family members about the treatment to be provided to Anne. By virtue of this, nurse can incorporate them in decision making and care of Anne at home. Hospitalization can be effectively reduced with implementation of family centered care. Family centered care give satisfaction to Anne and her family members (Shaul, 2014; Watson and Rodwell, 2014). Family centered care would strengthen relation between nurse and Annes family members. By virtue of this nurse can win confidence of her family members. Family centered care would be helpful in treating Anne and relieving stress on her family members. Hospitalization: Hospitalization is the significant part of children care. However, long duration hospitalizations of children can negatively affects children both physically and mentally. Anne may feel separated and rejected from the family members and peers due to hospitalization. Anne may feel anxious due to fear of pain during hospitalization. Nurse should give her assurance that hospitalization is for her wellbeing. Also, nurse should assure her that they will discharge her immediately after her improvement (Thurston, 2014). It reflects, nurse should give psychological counseling to Anne and promote her for hospitalization. Nurse should brief her about medical procedure so that she would be relieved from the stress. Nurse should ask her family members to counsel her for hospital admission. Nurse should give flexibility to her family members to stay with her in hospital and nurse should give permission to her peers to meet her. By virtue of this she would not feel isolated from her family members. This would help to stay happily in the hospital. Literature also mentioned that, children with high morale respond treatment succefully than children with low morale. Nurse should give her assurance that, society is going to help her in improving her condition. Nurse should provide counseling to family members of Anne about financial issues due to hospitalization. Nurse should maintain confidentiality of Annes hospitalization. Nurse should provide suitable environment foe Anne in the hospital based on her medical history, behavioural history, cultural background and socioeconomic status (Tehrani et al., 2012; B rykczynska and Simons, 2011). This type of dignity provision to Anne and her family would encourage them for hospitalization. Nurse should consider these factors for hospitalization of Anne. Conclusion: Appendictis is the inflammatory and infectious condition which specifically affects appendix. Constipation and improper food are the triggering factors for appendicitis. Disease condition worsens due to infection and ischemia. In this case Anne is diagnosed with appendicitis. Nurse should implement growth and development theories for holistic care of Anne. Nurse should consider age of Anne while providing nursing intervention to her. This age consideration is important because in this age there are chances of certain physiological and psychological changes in the children. Multiple factors are involved in the care of Anne. Hence, nurse should implement family centered care to Anne. Nurse should consider multiple factors during hospitalization of Anne. Consideration of all these factors would definitely be helpful in implementing holistic care to Anne. References: Adler-Tapia, R. (2012). Child Psychotherapy: Integrating Developmental Theory into Clinical Practice. Springer Publishing Company. Barnsteiner, J., Disch, J., and Walton, M. (2014). Person and Family Centered Care. Sigma Theta Tau. Berk, L. E. (2009). Child Development. 8th ed. United States of America. Pearson Education, Inc. Brogden, T.G., and Streets, C.G. (2013). The management of acute appendicitis. Journal of the Royal Naval Medical Service. 99(3), 106-10. Brykczynska, G.M., and Simons, J. (2011). Ethical and Philosophical Aspects of Nursing Children and Young People. John Wiley Sons. Chalmers, B. (2017). Family-Centred Perinatal Care. Cambridge University Press. Feldman, M., Friedman, L. S., and Brandt, L. J. (2010). Sleisenger and Fordtran's Gastrointestinal and Liver Disease. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hahn, F., Coricelli, F., and Di Matteo, M. (2016). New Theories in Growth and Development. Springer. Law, M. (2012). Family-Centred Assessment and Intervention in Pediatric Rehabilitation. Routledge. Leifer, G. Fleck, E. (2013). Growth and Development Across the Lifespan: A Health Promotion Focus. Elsevier Health Sciences. Loeffler, A.G. (2014). Introduction to Human Disease: Pathophysiology for Health Professionals. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Lowry-Lehnen, T. (2015). Theories of Human Growth and Development: Developmental Psychology. Create Space Independent Publishing Platform. Shaul, R. Z. (2014). Paediatric Patient and Family-Centred Care: Ethical and Legal Issues. Springer Science Business. Story, L. (2011). Pathophysiology. Jones Bartlett Publishers. Tehrani, T. H., Haghighi, M., and Bazmamoun, H. (2012). Effects of Stress on Mothers of Hospitalized Children in a Hospital in Iran. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology, 6(4), 3945. Thurston, C. (2014). Essential Nursing Care for Children and Young People: heory, Policy and Practice. Routledge. Watson, G. and Rodwell, S. (2014). Safeguarding and Protecting Children, Young People and Families: A Guide for Nurses and Midwives. SAGE. White, F., Hayes, B., and Livesey, D. (2005). Developmental Psychology: From Infancy to Adulthood. NSW. Pearson Education Australia.

The Process Review Essay Example

The Process Review Paper Essay on The Process Life is the night carried out in a deep sleep, often turning into a nightmare (c) Schopenhauer For a long time did not dare to read Kafka, for some reason thought it would be difficult. No, you do not think there is to feel. And do not feel you can not book up. Kafka from the first page skillfully immerses us in an atmosphere of wacky, absurd dream, hold and does not let go until the end of the novel. The absurdity is the only reality that has become commonplace. And if other writers managed to convey this feeling in some episodes, are they permeated the entire novel. We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer From the very first pages of the uncertainty of events is worrying, and even irritation. Josef K wakes up in his bed on my birthday, and is taken into custody and arrested. Those who came after him people did not explain further conversation with the inspector also clarifies nothing. Neither Joseph nor we did not know, what is the charge. However, the case against him is. At first Joseph refers to it quite lightly, but soon takes everything seriously, hires a lawyer, trying to make some exculpatory letters, not knowing, in fact, what it should be justified. The process tightens its stronger and stronger, and eventually absorbs completely. All the people he met vague hint at the circumstances of the process, even though no one really knows anything nor about the court procedure, nor the judges themselves. But it is known that the only way is to get the sentence reprieve, tighten the case, and this justification can not be So Joseph becomes involved in a huge, soulless and mindless mechanism that in the end it grinds.. at first glance it looks like a protest against the mechanical state of the system, against the bureaucrats and red tape. And it is this interpretation of the process sought translators in the Soviet Union, adjusting text to the existing in the country and the system of peoples minds. But its just different. The process of Kafka it is life itself, with heightened to the limit of existential anxiety, everyday its absurdity, lack of meaning, which is unconditionally accept everything and eventually forced to accept and you Its a vague anxiety due to the lack of reasons. and the wine, which is already a consequence of the verdict inevitable. the process that suppresses captures surprise, lulls, and constantly distracted by something more. Rate skill of the author, show us this sleep yes And here, perhaps, the identity of the writer, dreamer. His life, moods and views are no less interesting than the work itself To love such dreams -. No . The Process Review Essay Example The Process Review Paper Essay on The Process You had a dream to see people, and awake, not even remember what they looked like? And, you know that these people are in a dream you liked, they were certainly beautiful, but the facial features somehow blurred in the minds of You know the feeling, when you dream you are doing something that in reality would have been considered nonsense or absurdity ? Well, for example, goes supposedly the war in the hands of the machine, and on the body of a nightgown or worse one smelting Or you dream you are late for an exam or a party, but can not find a thing and get out of the house, though basically, we could easily do without it. Familiar? The novel The Trial will be one of the most bizarre and absurd dreams that you have ever seen. I was reading at the time of a strong feeling that it is Kafka dreamed of. Josef K., a senior clerk of the bank, in one morning, falls under arrest by some strange process, which from the beginning does not apply. Everything in the novel takes place in terms of apparently. Apparently, someone has slandered Mr. K., apparently, people came to arrest him, apparently, these people are the guards, apparently, a serious process, apparently, is to pay him a lot of attention The images of people, in one way or another connected with the process, but according to simple logic, it is associated with him, constantly slipping out of memory, as well as the face of the hero, who in the novel generally not indicated. Actors frivolous and unreal, and the details of the process do not see. It is not clear what the accused K. and what the circumstances of his case. Investigators look not as investigators, the case does not move a single step, the lawyer does not work, the investigation department is on the dirty attic apartment house with sooty walls and a low ceiling. We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Process Review specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer And everything that happens in the book is so funny that a time to weep. mans struggle with the authorities, who seem to exist only in his mind. The fight for anything and nothing. As in a fairy tale, Go there, do not know where . Whichever door or knocked, in the hope of a speedy resolution of the process, for it always turn out another five thousand doors. Infinite climbing the narrow, dusty staircases Offices exhausting soul, stale, stuffy and hot air causes their heart to jump out of his chest and throat hurt shrink. And no time to stop and sort things out for real. And yet something run, fuss, you lose precious time of their lives. And yet it seems that any fool knows more were close to your process than yourself. Cook whispering his advice, the artist boasting friendship with the judge, even the little girl on the stairs scoff at all your efforts The picture on the cover of Going up and down arms of Maurits Cornelis Escher graphic illustration of the idea of ​​process for process but not for the result. The reality of the absurd, which I would call the absurdity of reality. And everyone decides for himself what this novel. About that there is a man knocks out of the rut intervention in his life authorities. And he involuntarily transforms the quiet and measured life in a single large red tape. About that there is carefully courts do business, and how they will lead them and many more years to come. And this imaginary meticulousness and sensitivity poisons the mans life. Perhaps the novel that between law and fulfillment of the law is a huge gap A procurator for Joseph becomes procurator profession in its own case. Funny ceremony this small flies, of which people are capable of doing elephants .

Types of Fallacies Essay Example

Types of Fallacies Essay Example Types of Fallacies Essay Types of Fallacies Essay FALLACIES OF RELEVANCE 1. Appeal to Force If you suppose that terrorizing your opponent is giving him a reason for believing that you are correct, then you are using a scare tactic and reasoning fallaciously. Example: David: My father owns the department store that gives your newspaper fifteen percent of all its advertising revenue, so I’m sure you won’t want to publish any story of my arrest for spray painting the college. Newspaper editor: Yes, David, I see your point. The story really isn’t newsworthy. David has given the editor a financial reason not to publish, but he has not given a relevant reason why the story is not newsworthy. David’s tactics are scaring the editor, but it’s the editor who commits the scare tactic fallacy, not David. David has merely used a scare tactic. This fallacy’s name emphasizes the cause of the fallacy rather than the error itself. 2. Appeal to Pity You commit the fallacy of appeal to emotions when someone’s appeal to you to accept their claim is accepted merely because the appeal arouses your feelings of anger, fear, grief, love, outrage, pity, pride, sexuality, sympathy, relief, and so forth. Example of appeal to relief from grief: [The speaker knows he is talking to an aggrieved person whose house is worth much more than $100,000. ] You had a great job and didn’t deserve to lose it. I wish I could help somehow. I do have one idea. Now your family needs financial security even more. You need cash. I can help you. Here is a check for $100,000. Just sign this standard sales agreement, and we can skip the realtors and all the headaches they would create at this critical time in your life. There is nothing wrong with using emotions when you argue, but it’s a mistake to use emotions as the key premises or as tools to downplay relevant information. Regarding the fallacy of  appeal to pity, it is proper to pity people who have had misfortunes, but if as the person’s history instructor you accept Max’s claim that he earned an A on the history quiz because he broke his wrist while playing in your college’s last basketball game, then you’ve committed the fallacy of  appeal to pity. *Appeal to Snobbery 3. Ad Hominem You commit this fallacy if you make an irrelevant attack on the arguer and suggest that this attack undermines the argument itself. It is a form of the  Genetic Fallacy. Example: What she says about Johannes Kepler’s astronomy of the 1600? s must be just so much garbage. Do you realize she’s only fourteen years old? This attack may undermine the arguer’s credibility as a scientific authority, but it does not undermine her reasoning. That reasoning should stand or fall on the scientific evidence, not on the arguer’s age or anything else about her personally. If the fallacious reasoner points out irrelevant circumstances that the reasoner is in, the fallacy is a circumstantial ad hominem. Tu Quoque  and  Two Wrongs Make a Right  are other types of the ad hominem fallacy. The major difficulty with labeling a piece of reasoning as an ad hominem fallacy is deciding whether the personal attack is relevant. For example, attacks on a person for their actually immoral sexual conduct are irrelevant to the quality of their mathematical reasoning, but they are relevant to arguments promoting the person for a leadership position in the church. Unfortunately, many attacks are not so easy to classify, such as an attack pointing out that the candidate for church leadership, while in the tenth grade, intentionally tripped a fellow student and broke his collar bone. *Ad Hominem Circumstantial Guilt by association is a version of the  ad hominem  fallacy in which a person is said to be guilty of error because of the group he or she associates with. The fallacy occurs when we unfairly try to change the issue to be about the speaker’s circumstances rather than about the speaker’s actual argument. Also called â€Å"Ad Hominem, Circumstantial. Example: Secretary of State Dean Acheson is too soft on communism, as you can see by his inviting so many fuzzy-headed liberals to his White House cocktail parties. Has any evidence been presented here that Acheson’s actions are inappropriate in regards to communism? This sort of reasoning is an example of McCarthyism, the technique of smearing liberal Democrats that was so effectively used by the late Senator Joe McCarthy in the early 1950s. In fact, Acheson was strongly anti-communist and the architect of President Truman’s firm policy of containing Soviet power. 4. Appeal to the People If you suggest too strongly that someone’s claim or argument is correct simply because it’s what most everyone believes, then you’ve committed the fallacy of appeal to the people. Similarly, if you suggest too strongly that someone’s claim or argument is mistaken simply because it’s not what most everyone believes, then you’ve also committed the fallacy. Agreement with popular opinion is not necessarily a reliable sign of truth, and deviation from popular opinion is not necessarily a reliable sign of error, but if you assume it is and do so with enthusiasm, then you’re guilty of committing this fallacy. It is essentially the same as the fallacies of ad numerum, appeal to the gallery, appeal to the masses, argument from popularity, argumentum ad populum, common practice, mob appeal, past practice, peer pressure, traditional wisdom. The â€Å"too strongly† mentioned above is important in the description of the fallacy because what most everyone believes is, for that reason, somewhat likely to be true, all things considered. However, the fallacy occurs when this degree of support is overestimated. Example: You should turn to channel 6. It’s the most watched channel this year. This is fallacious because of its implicitly accepting the questionable premise that the most watched channel this year is, for that reason alone, the best channel for you. If you stress the idea of appealing to a  new  idea of the gallery, masses, mob, peers, people, and so forth, then it is a bandwagon fallacy. *Bandwagon If you suggest that someone’s claim is correct simply because it’s what most everyone is coming to believe, then you’re committing the bandwagon fallacy. Get up here with us on the wagon where the band is playing, and go where we go, and don’t think too much about the reasons. The Latin term for this fallacy of appeal to novelty is Argumentum ad Novitatem. Example: [Advertisement] More and more people are buying sports utility vehicles. Isn’t it time you bought one, too? [You commit the fallacy if you buy the vehicle solely because of this advertisement. ] Like its close cousin, the fallacy of appeal to the people, the bandwagon fallacy needs to be carefully distinguished from properly defending a claim by pointing out that many people have studied the claim and have come to a reasoned conclusion that it is correct. What most everyone believes is likely to be true, all things considered, and if one defends a claim on those grounds, this is not a fallacious inference. What is fallacious is to be swept up by the excitement of a new idea or new fad and to unquestionably give it too high a degree of your belief solely on the grounds of its new popularity, perhaps thinking simply that ‘new is better. ’ The key ingredient that is missing from a bandwagon fallacy is knowledge that an item is popular because of its high quality. Appeal to Past People (â€Å"You too†) 5. Accident We often arrive at a generalization but don’t or can’t list all the exceptions. When we reason with the generalization as if it has no exceptions, we commit the fallacy of accident. This fallacy is sometimes called the â€Å"fallacy of sweeping generalization. † Example: People should keep their promises, right? I loaned Dwayne my knife, and he said he’d return it. Now he is refusi ng to give it back, but I need it right now to slash up my neighbors who disrespected me. People should keep their promises, but there are exceptions to this generaliztion as in this case of the psychopath who wants Dwayne to keep his promise to return the knife. 6. Straw Man You commit the straw man fallacy whenever you attribute an easily refuted position to your opponent, one that the opponent wouldn’t endorse, and then proceed to attack the easily refuted position (the straw man) believing you have undermined the opponent’s actual position. If the misrepresentation is on purpose, then the straw man fallacy is caused by lying. Example (a debate before the city council): Opponent: Because of the killing and suffering of Indians that followed Columbus’s discovery of America, the City of Berkeley should declare that Columbus Day will no longer be observed in our city. Speaker: This is ridiculous, fellow members of the city council. It’s not true that everybody who ever came to America from another country somehow oppressed the Indians. I say we should continue to observe Columbus Day, and vote down this resolution that will make the City of Berkeley the laughing stock of the nation. The speaker has twisted what his opponent said; the opponent never said, nor even indirectly suggested, that everybody who ever came to America from another country somehow oppressed the Indians. The critical thinker will respond to the fallacy by saying, â€Å"Let’s get back to the original issue of whether we have a good reason to discontinue observing Columbus Day. † 7. Missing the Point The conclusion that is drawn is irrelevant to the premises; it misses the point. Example: In court, Thompson testifies that the defendant is a honorable person, who wouldn’t harm a flea. The defense attorney commits the fallacy by rising to say that Thompson’s testimony shows once again that his client was not near the murder scene. The testimony of Thompson may be relevant to a request for leniency, but it is irrelevant to any claim about the defendant not being near the murder scene. 8. Red Herring A red herring is a smelly fish that would distract even a bloodhound. It is also a digression that leads the reasoner off the track of considering only relevant information. Example: Will the new tax in Senate Bill 47 unfairly hurt business? One of the provisions of the bill is that the tax is higher for large employers (fifty or more employees) as opposed to small employers (six to forty-nine employees). To decide on the fairness of the bill, we must first determine whether employees who work for large employers have better working conditions than employees who work for small employers. Bringing up the issue of working conditions is the red herring. FALLACIES OF PRESUMPTION 9. Begging the Question A form of  circular reasoning  in which a conclusion is derived from premises that presuppose the conclusion. Normally, the point of good reasoning is to start out at one place and end up somewhere new, namely having reached the goal of increasing the degree of reasonable belief in the conclusion. The point is to make progress, but in cases of begging the question there is no progress. Example: â€Å"Women have rights,† said the Bullfighters Association president. â€Å"But women shouldn’t fight bulls because a bullfighter is and should be a man. † The president is saying basically that women shouldn’t fight bulls because women shouldn’t fight bulls. This reasoning isn’t making any progress. Insofar as the conclusion of a deductively valid argument is â€Å"contained† in the premises from which it is deduced, this containing might seem to be a case of presupposing, and thus any deductively valid argument might seem to be begging the question. It is still an open question among logicians as to why some deductively valid arguments are considered to be begging the question and others are not. Some logicians suggest that, in informal reasoning with a deductively valid argument, if the conclusion is psychologically new insofar as the premises are concerned, then the argument isn’t an example of the fallacy. Other logicians suggest that we need to look instead to surrounding circumstances, not to the psychology of the reasoner, in order to assess the quality of the argument. For example, we need to look to the reasons that the reasoner used to accept the premises. Was the premise justified on the basis of accepting the conclusion? A third group of logicians say that, in deciding whether the fallacy is committed, we need more. We must determine whether any premise that is key to deducing the conclusion is adopted rather blindly or instead is a reasonable assumption made by someone accepting their burden of proof. The premise would here be termed reasonable if the arguer could defend it independently of accepting the conclusion that is at issue. 10. Complex Question You commit this fallacy when you frame a question so that some controversial presupposition is made by the wording of the question. Example: [Reporters question] Mr. President: Are you going to continue your policy of wasting taxpayer’s money on missile defense? The question unfairly presumes the controversial claim that the policy really is a waste of money. The fallacy of complex question is a form of begging the question. 11. False Dichotomy A reasoner who unfairly presents too few choices and then implies that a choice must be made among this short menu of choices commits the false dilemma fallacy, as does the person who accepts this faulty reasoning. Example: I want to go to Scotland from London. I overheard McTaggart say there are two roads to Scotland from London: the high road and the low road. I expect the high road would be too risky because it’s through the hills and that means dangerous curves. But it’s raining now, so both roads are probably slippery. I don’t like either choice, but I guess I should take the low road and be safer. This would be fine reasoning is you were limited to only two roads, but you’ve falsely gotten yourself into a dilemma with such reasoning. There are many other ways to get to Scotland. Don’t limit yourself to these two choices. You can take other roads, or go by boat or train or airplane. The fallacy is called the â€Å"False Dichotomy Fallacy† when the unfair menu contains only two choices. Think of the unpleasant choice between the two as being a charging bull. By demanding other choices beyond those on the unfairly limited menu, you thereby â€Å"go between the horns† of the dilemma, and are not gored. 12. Suppressed Evidence Intentionally failing to use information suspected of being relevant and significant is committing the fallacy of suppressed evidence. This fallacy usually occurs when the information counts against one’s own conclusion. Perhaps the arguer is not mentioning that experts have recently objected to one of his premises. The fallacy is a kind of fallacy of  Selective Attention. Example: Buying the Cray Mac 11 computer for our company was the right thing to do. It meets our company’s needs; it runs the programs we want it to run; it will be delivered quickly; and it costs much less than what we had budgeted. This appears to be a good argument, but you’d change your assessment of the argument if you learned the speaker has intentionally suppressed the relevant evidence that the company’s Cray Mac 11 was purchased from his brother: Nobody has ever proved to me there’s a God, so I know there is no God. This kind of reasoning is generally fallacious. It would be proper reasoning only if the proof attempts were quite thorough, and it were the case that if God did exist, then there would be a discoverable proof of this. Another common example of the fallacy involves ignorance of a future event: People have been complaining about the danger of Xs ever since they were invented, but there’s never been any big problem with them, so there’s nothing to worry about. 14. Appeal to Unqualified Authority You appeal to authority if you back up your reasoning by saying that it is supported by what some authority says on the subject. Most reasoning of this kind is not fallacious, and much of our knowledge properly comes from listening to authorities. However, appealing to authority as a reason to believe something  is  fallacious whenever the authority appealed to is not really an authority in this particular subject, when the authority cannot be trusted to tell the truth, when authorities disagree on this subject (except for the occasional lone wolf), when the reasoner misquotes the authority, and so forth. Although spotting a fallacious appeal to authority often requires some background knowledge about the subject or the authority, in brief it can be said that it is fallacious to accept the words of a supposed authority when we should be suspicious of the authority’s words. Example: The moon is covered with dust because the president of our neighborhood association said so. This is a fallacious appeal to authority because, although the president is an authority on many neighborhood matters, you are given no reason to believe the president is an authority on the composition of the moon. It would be better to appeal to some astronomer or geologist. A TV commercial that gives you a testimonial from a famous film star who wears a Wilson watch and that suggests you, too, should wear that brand of watch is committing a fallacious appeal to authority. The film star is an authority on how to act, not on which watch is best for you. 15. Hasty Generalization A hasty generalization is a fallacy of  jumping to conclusions  in which the conclusion is a generalization. See also  Biased Statistics. Example: I’ve met two people in Nicaragua so far, and they were both nice to me. So, all people I will meet in Nicaragua will be nice to me. In any hasty generalization the key error is to overestimate the strength of an argument that is based on too small a sample for the implied confidence level or error margin. In this argument about Nicaragua, using the word â€Å"all† in the conclusion implies zero error margin. With zero error margin you’d need to sample every single person in Nicaragua, not just two people. 16. False Cause Improperly concluding that one thing is a cause of another. The Fallacy of Non Causa Pro Causa is another name for this fallacy. Its four principal kinds are the  Post Hoc Fallacy, the Fallacy of  Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc,  the  Regression  Fallacy, and the Fallacy of  Reversing Causation. Example: My psychic adviser says to expect bad things when Mars is aligned with Jupiter. Tomorrow Mars will be aligned with Jupiter. So, if a dog were to bite me tomorrow, it would be because of the alignment of Mars with Jupiter. 17. Slippery Slope Suppose someone claims that a first step (in a chain of causes and effects, or a chain of reasoning) will probably lead to a second step that in turn will probably lead to another step and so on until a final step ends in trouble. If the likelihood of the trouble occurring is exaggerated, the slippery slope fallacy is committed. Example: Mom: Those look like bags under your eyes. Are you getting enough sleep? Jeff: I had a test and stayed up late studying. Mom: You didn’t take any drugs, did you? Jeff: Just caffeine in my coffee, like I always do. Mom: Jeff! You know what happens when people take drugs! Pretty soon the caffeine won’t be strong enough. Then you will take something stronger, maybe someone’s diet pill. Then, something even stronger. Eventually, you will be doing cocaine. Then you will be a crack addict! So, don’t drink that coffee. The form of a slippery slope fallacy looks like this: A leads to B. B leads to C. C leads to D. †¦ Z leads to HELL. We don’t want to go to HELL. So, don’t take that first step A. 18. Weak Analogy The problem is that the items in the analogy are too dissimilar. When reasoning by analogy, the fallacy occurs when the analogy is irrelevant or very weak or when there is a more relevant disanalogy. See also  Faulty Comparison. Example: The book  Investing for Dummies  really helped me understand my finances better. The bookChess for Dummies  was written by the same author, was published by the same press, and costs about the same amount. So, this chess book would probably help me understand my finances, too. FALLACIES OF AMBIGUITY 19. Accent The accent fallacy is a fallacy of ambiguity due to the different ways a word is emphasized or accented. Example: A member of Congress is asked by a reporter if she is in favor of the President’s new missile defense system, and she responds, â€Å"I’m in favor of a missile defense system that effectively defends America. † With an emphasis on the word â€Å"favor,† her response is likely to  favor  the President’s missile defense system. With an emphasis, instead, on the words â€Å"effectively defends,† her remark is likely to be  againstthe President’s missile defense system. And by using neither emphasis, she can later claim that her response was on either side of the issue. Aristotle’s version of the fallacy of accent allowed only a shift in which syllable is accented within a word. 20. Amphiboly This is an error due to taking a grammatically ambiguous phrase in two different ways during the reasoning. Example: In a cartoon, two elephants are driving their car down the road in India. They say, â€Å"We’d better not get out here,† as they pass a sign saying: ELEPHANTS PLEASE STAY IN YOUR CAR Upon one interpretation of the grammar, the pronoun â€Å"YOUR† refers to the elephants in the car, but on another it refers to those humans who are driving cars in the vicinity. Unlike  equivocation, which is due to multiple meanings of a phrase, amphiboly is due to syntactic ambiguity, ambiguity caused by multiple ways of understanding the grammar of the phrase. 21. Equivocation Equivocation is the illegitimate switching of the meaning of a term during the reasoning. Example: Brad is a nobody, but since nobody is perfect, Brad must be perfect, too. The term â€Å"nobody† changes its meaning without warning in the passage. So does the term â€Å"political jokes† in this joke: I don’t approve of political jokes. I’ve seen too many of them get elected. FALLACIES OF GRAMMATICAL ANALOGY 22. Composition The composition fallacy occurs when someone mistakenly assumes that a characteristic of some or all the individuals in a group is also a characteristic of the group itself, the group â€Å"composed† of those members. It is the converse of the  division  fallacy. Example: Each human cell is very lightweight, so a human being composed of cells is also very lightweight. 23. Division Merely because a group as a whole has a characteristic, it often doesn’t follow that individuals in the group have that characteristic. If you suppose that it does follow, when it doesn’t, you commit the fallacy of division. It is the converse of the  composition  fallacy. Example: Joshua’s soccer team is the best in the division because it had an undefeated season and shared the division title, so Joshua, who is their goalie, must be the best goalie in the division. 24. Figure of Speech or Parallels: Activists have been labeled as idealists, sadists, anarchists, communists, and just about any name that can come to mind ending in  -ist, like  samok-ist, saba-ist, bad-ist,  and of course, who could forgetdevil-ist? (The writer has the unsaid argument that any name ending in  -ist  is viewed as trouble-makers by our society. ) An introductory book on philosophy has an appendix entitle List of Isms the proceeds to list the schools of thought in philosophy. (Not all words that end in  -ism  is a school of thought: take for example,  syllogism. )

Managerial Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Managerial Finance - Essay Example This has led to a fall in the prices of products sold by Titanic Plc. Consequently, due to a fall in volumetric sales and price of beer; Titanic Plc’s sales have plunged by 30%. The above table shows that the margins of the company have also eroded due to fall in selling prices but no subsequent reduction in the costs. The gross margin fell from 46.4% in 2010 to 39.4% in 2012, which can be attributed to the fall in selling prices due to increase in competition in the industry. The operating profit margin and net margin fell drastically as the company could not control its distribution and administration expenses in the period of falling sales revenue. The directors of the company feel that the company is experiencing financial distress. A company is in a financial distress when it faces liquidity issues and has difficulties in paying off its obligations when they are due. Financial distress increases when a company’s revenues move with the economy. Such cyclical companies are prone to fall in profitability due to an economic downturn. The above table shows the liquidity ratios of the company. Company’s liquidity has improved from 2010 to 2012 as shown by an increase in the current ratio as well as the quick ratio of the company. Although the cash of the company fell from  £10.6M from 2010 to  £9.8M in 2012, the decrease was offset by an increase in inventory and receivables of the company. However, the current liabilities of the company fell drastically by 46% from  £19.9M in 2010 to  £10.8M in 2012 owing to lower trade payables and dividend payable. The ratios indicate that the company’s liquidity position is adequate. The above table shows the asset efficiency ratios for Titanic Plc. Days in inventory has increased substantially from 89 days in 2010 to 122 days in 2012 indicating that the company’s inventory is piling up. This piling up of inventory is due to the fall in sales of the company. Titanic Plc has to take steps to

Accounting for business decision Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

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Show how the use of the three school of education learning principles Essay

Show how the use of the three school of education learning principles enables a teacher to develop children as learners - Essay Example Various methods and helpful tools are available to make a young child understand through the process of exploration and discovery, which involves self-assessment as well. As all of us know, every child has a hidden talent and it The child starts communicating, understanding the surrounding world, immediately after the birth. Certainly, a month old baby responds to our communication by giving facial and other expressions. Such communication is very satisfying and is the indicative harbinger of the conversation to come in the following months, while the child grows. Studies indicate that the child at the time of birth itself starts to become aware of the fact that he or she is a member of the human society. Children start gradually understanding the art of social interaction from that stage onwards. We have evidence from studies that show that children one of us is thinking in a different manner. There have been experiments conducted with children of 3 to 4 years age, that revealed the sense of the child being aware of her intellectual functioning and about the same attribute, she may find in some other children. Every child who enters the school for the first time tries to pick up the three R’s as fast as possible. However, not all the children are having the similar capabilities to do so. In view of this and other factors, many educationists have found a way of schooling, which is called â€Å"The Constructive View of Schooling, or Discovery Learning†. All of the above basics are derived from the theories that have been described by John Dewey (1916/1997), Jean Piaget (1954) and Lev Vygotsky (Rice & Wilson 1998). In addition, the technological advancement of 21st. century has demanded the implementation of these theories more vigorously as the deep understanding of the major concepts is required from the early childhood levels, so that the child as an adult goes to face the competitive world in

Inclusivity in Education Aspects

Inclusivity in Education Aspects I will explain the political, economic, and social perspectives that surround inclusivity, reflect on my own professional practice and working environment, and identify the policies used, both nationally and locally. I will define my understanding of inclusivity, looking at the political ideology that surrounds inclusivity. Inclusivity is the understanding and providing for different capabilities, using diverse resources for students. Inclusivity is the understanding of students as individuals. It gives the opportunity for all students to become involved in classroom developments. All students should be given the chance to develop interests and experiences at their own pace and style of learning. No student should be discriminated against regarding colour, gender, sexual orientation, religion. For lecturers in todays society, it is extremely challenging to incorporate inclusivity with the students that have developed in the last 10 years of British culture. Students with learning difficulties such as ADHD, Aspergers, and Dyslexia were barely heard of until recent years. Each individual situation calls for totally unique handling of the student without excluding the remainder of the class. Research has identified that teachers may feel there could be barriers to inclusivity: Some of the thoughts are; Every student who attends college should be at a basic level of education before starting a course. The staff may not be prepared to meet the needs of the student The course and other students could be affected To balance some of these negative attitudes; All students have the potential to achieve Many students learn through interaction with others. Teachers make a difference (Idol, 1997) OFSTED published a report dispelling many of the negative thoughts that most of us had in the back of our mind. Ofsted say. An educationally inclusive school is one which the teaching and learning is one in which the teaching and learning, achievements attitudes and the well being of every young person matter. This shows not only in their performance, but also in the ethos and willingness to offer new opportunities to pupils who may have experienced pervious difficulties. This does not mean treating all pupils in the same way; rather, it involves taking account of pupils varied life experiences and needs (OFSTED) The start of Inclusion in Education dated back to the 1970 Education act which ended a practice to a minority of children being given the classification of unable to educate. It stopped classifying children with a learning disability unsuitable for school education. In the introduction of 1976 education act, the government looked at the local education authorities to amalgamate disabled students into so called ordinary schools in both England and Wales. This was never implemented! If it had been, disabled students were to be educated in ordinary schools unless it was impracticable due to excessive expenditure to the relevant educational body. 1978 saw the Warnock report on special education and at the time was the largest investigation into special education of disabled students being integrated into ordinary schools. He reported that the practice was good for some students but not for others. The report also stated that it was important for parents to have a view on their children and their educational process. In 1981 the education act, brought in disabled students to mainstream schools. This stated that other children would not be affected by the integration and resources available to them to assist. This act opened the doors to both disabled and young students from special schools sector to a mainstream school; the act was under much pressure from the professional bodies not to implement it, due to the overall effect on all the students. 1992 saw the audit commission and her majestys inspectorate look into a special needs provision for schools. One of the areas they found deficient was the way children with special needs were not being assessed very quickly and many statements were far too vague. In 1997, mainstream schools were becoming more inclusive with a new green paper on special education. 1998 brought in the human rights act stating no child shall be denied the right to education. The government pushed forward its plans to break down the barriers to help with learning and participation for 100% of students. The special education needs and disability act of 2001 came in and was used to repeal two previous provisos from 1996 regarding a disabled child going into mainstream school provided; it was compatible with the parents wishes and there was efficient education of other children. 2002 finally saw the Disability Discrimination act which gave access to education for both students and prospective students. The law also stated that you could not discriminate against a disabled person in admission arrangements. Local authorities also had to increase accessibility in terms of curriculum and the environment. Although this act was not solely for education it applied to everyone and was definitely a step in the right direction. All schools and colleges that have used these policies have seen an increase in levels of education rise from the early 1970s up to the present date. Before I could carry out my research relating to the organisation I am involved with, I needed to produce a PEST (Appendix 1) and SWOT (Appendix 2) analysis. Firstly looking into factors based around the industry looking into the political, economic, social and then technological issues which would affect us. Once this was complete I looked at the department in which I work, breaking the issues down into depth. Within the SWOT I looked at strengths, weakness, opportunities and threats. Within all of the topics funding policies, initiatives, weigh heavily, whether as a threat or Strength. With these acts in place my organisation have put together documentation in response from the governing bodies to help develop a clear understanding in the way we should help commit to inclusivity in education. The mission statement of my organisation is: City College is an inclusive, accessible college of further and higher education which provides high quality services to the range of diverse communities within the locality and the region which it serves. To this end, the college is committed to equality of regard and of opportunity for all, irrespective of age, disability, ethnic origin, gender, marital status, medical condition, religious belief, or sexual orientation. In its policies and practices the college will seek to enhance the self esteem of all those it serves and to provide a learning environment in which each individual is encouraged to fulfil her or his potential. The commitment to equality of regard and opportunity is a fundamental policy that pervades all college activities and is endorsed by the Governing Body. All members of the college community are expected to uphold the policy and to ensure that their actions embody the commitment. Some of the organisations policies for inclusion are: The commitment to equality of regard and opportunity is supported by the following: Code of Practice on Learning Difficulty and Disability (students) Code of Practice on Gender Discrimination (students) City college Race Equality Policy (staff/students) City college equality and diversity plan These codes are an integral part of the Equal Opportunities Policy. They ensure compliance with, respectively, the Special Education Needs and Disability Act 2001, the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, the Sex Discrimination Act 1975, and the Race Relations Act 1976. They also embody elements of good practice advocated in the Tomlinson Report 1996, Equality, and Diversity Guidance from the LSC and the codes of practice produced by the Commission for Racial Equality. Ofsted use a set of questions when examining Inclusion in schools and colleges. These are the questions on how a college should deal with the situation. Do all pupils get a fair deal at school? This relates to: what they get out of school, particularly their achievements; the opportunity to learn effectively, without interference and disruption; the respect and individual help they have from their teachers; their access to all aspects of the curriculum; the attention the school gives to their well-being and Whether they and their parents are happy with the school. How well does the school recognise and overcome barriers to learning? This is about: the schools understanding of how well different groups do in school; the steps taken to make sure that particular groups are not disadvantaged in school and to promote their participation and success; its strategies for promoting good relationships and managing behaviour; what the school does specifically to prevent and address racism, sexism and other forms of discrimination, and what it does about cases of discrimination that do occur. Do the schools values embrace inclusion and does its practice promote it? The clues are: how the values of the school are reflected in its curriculum, resources, communications, procedures and conduct; how people talk about and treat one another in the school; the leadership provided by senior staff and the consistency of staff behaviour; What the school intends and tries to do for people like me. Positive inclusion To enforce this statement, the college supports positive inclusion by enrolling any students, with the required qualifications, no matter what their learning capabilities are, however this will depend on whether it is practicable for the student and as long as it does not in any way effect the learning of the others in the class. In past years, discrimination may have taken place with students that showed signs of slower learning ability, therefore this is a positive development for inclusion in todays society. Entry to Employment, (E2E) groups are students with low entry requirements; however the potential is there, by assisting them with additional tuition, to raise their level of education, specifically in maths and English, to gain the relevant qualifications required for the future. To achieve this, the college offer a 22 week E2E course, alongside learning for a level 1 diploma in bricklaying, level 1 key skills in application of number and communication. Not all colleges offer E2E alongside this qualification. Negative Inclusion From the lecturers point of view this is a negative form of inclusion because the E2E qualification, is taught alongside the level 1 diploma and key skills, which is a method that other colleges do not employ due to overloading a group that originally in struggled at school when they were on the same footing as the rest of their class. At school the class would all have been working on the same subjects possibly at the same time. Here the group have come in and been told that they need to attend an extra afternoon to complete Entry to employment paperwork and adult literacy and numeracy classes. This would then be followed up with three days of Diploma work in theory and practical. Two other groups who have the entry qualifications only need to complete the diploma theory and practical content and complete key skills in the time scheduled. There are tools which can be used to help define a disability and help governing bodies and government find strategies in which to find the needs of disabled people. These are categorised as models of disability. The two which are commonly used for education are known as the Social Model and the Medical Model. When these models are correctly used, they will give a basic understanding of disability issues, such as services used and possibly ways of access to work. These models can see disabled people as dependant people in the community this may segregate them from others and force discrimination. This can lead to equality of human rights and the opposite of segregation which is integration. This does not mean one is better than the other but merely that each model can be used in different situations Firstly what passes for a disability? People who have impairment and may experience some form of exclusion as a result are disabled people. People may wear glasses or contact lenses. These may not be discriminated against where as people who are deaf and wear hearing aids sometimes are, and are discriminated against with barriers in communication. People who are included with a disability such as: Physical impairments Deaf people, Blind people People with AIDS and HIV (chronic Illness) Learning difficulties Mental health issues / behavioural problems People who also have hidden impairments such as; Mental stress Dyslexia Epilepsy Language impairments Disfigured people Diabetes http://attitudes2disability.wordpress.com/category/medical-model-vs-social-model/ Medical Model The medical model is used by the health organisation and was devised by doctors. The medical model focuses on the source of the problem on the patient (student) and presumes that the problems will be found with the student. With a more superior method you can go a step further and look into the students personal background and how it could affect their everyday lives. It is basically there to find a cure; it can occasionally fail as it says disabled people are not necessarily sick or cannot be improved by remedial treatment (connectings for community leadership, 2007) Social Model The social model was design for disabled people after the medical model. This particular model has had an impact on the anti discrimination legislation it also recognises that some people have different abilities ranging from sensory, physical ,or psychological variations . This was later extended to include all disabled people including those with learning difficulties and mental health problems. This model can focus on any changes needed in society. Physical structures such as elevators, or ramps would also focus under this model. Medical Model (Thinking) Socal Model (Thinking) The child is damaged Child is valued labelling Strenghts and needs defined by selfand others Diagnosis Identify barriers and developsolutions Impairment becomes focus of attention Outcome -based programme designed Assessment, monitoring,programmes of theropy imposed Resources are madee available to ordinary services Segregation and alternative services Training for parents and professionals Ordinary needs put on hold Relationship nurtured Re-entry if normal enough or permanent exclusion Diversity welcomed , child is included Society remains unchanged Society evolves My second area for topic was looking at Inclusivity of women in construction Inclusivity Fact file: Almost 200,000 women work in construction. Women have been working in construction since the Middle Ages Women account for around 1% of trades people and 11.6% of those working in design and management occupations (Jon Land, 2009) A report From the CIOB (chartered institute of building) back in 2001 indicated Women in the UK construction industry currently accounted for fewer than ten per cent of the UK construction workforce, this reflected their under-representation in an industry that fails to attract and retain women. The research was important because it raises the debate about the advancement in the subject of inclusivity, assessing the barriers faced by women and discussed means of redressing the balance to improve the inclusivity of the industry. Expanding inclusivity, which includes, attracting and hopefully keeping women in construction, is a key priority for the UK. The construction industry in countries facing skill and labour shortages could perhaps combat some of their problems by increasing the number of women in the workforce. This would be a resourceful and positive use for inclusion. In summary, the important issues were: Attracting more women to the industry by not only focusing on young entrants but also returnees to work following a career break, and those who seek a career change. Retention of women in the workforce Understanding the extent of women employed in the whole industry, what are they looking for from the industry? For a number of years women have been moving into professional work such as law, accountancy, and medicine, all of which require high-level qualifications and are considered attractive because of the perceived high level of class status. Today, numbers of women and men are almost equal in these sectors. However, occupational areas such as engineering and the construction trades have not seen a comparable change in the make-up of the workforce. Womens labour market participation has increased over recent years and their employment rates have risen, whereas mens participation in the labour market has declined slightly. Girls now perform better than boys in education and in getting qualifications (Hibbett, and Meager 2003)). With Women making up 50 per cent of the population, more than 46 per cent are currently in the labour market. More than half of the entrants in higher education in colleges are women. Yet in the construction Industry, the percentage of women involved is as little as 11%. This figure includes, Architects, Quantity Surveyors, Site Organisers and Bricklayers. Construction needs variety in it for growth and development. Demand for construction had experienced growth over the past eight years, due to the expanding world population and the necessity for accommodation and a buoyant economy. However, the recent effects of the credit crunch have seriously put the industry, and many others, into a decline. The industry could not afford a skills shortage at such a time because when the economy rallies and improves, the need for skilled workforce will be of paramount importance. Construction and engineering learners are 90 per cent men, whilst hairdressing and beauty therapy are dominated by women who make up 91 per cent of learners. The exceptions are in higher education, which are dominated by male students in areas such as, computer science (80 per cent), engineering and technology (85 per cent). Female-dominated subjects include education, and beauty, although most of this research was based between 2001 -2004, surveys have been carried out as recently as 2009 by the CIOB and their conclusion was that :-(Sonia Gurjao, 2001) A number of factors have contributed to the industrys skill shortages. One of the most significant reasons is the lack of new recruits joining the industry. At the end of 2007, ConstructionSkills predicted that the industry would require 88,000 new recruits a year between 2009 and 2013; this figure has now been more than halved to 42,000 per year. There are a number of reasons for people not wanting to join the industry; many relate to the general perception of it being predominately a career for white males, with long hours and little pay. (CIOB, 2009) It is this perception that dissuades women and ethnic minorities from joining the industry. Research has shown that many women believe the industry is a competitive and threatening environment that rejects women and hinders their progression. This I feel is not the case, Bricklayers can take home as much as  £28,000 when fully qualified. A working day is usually between 8.00am and 5.30pm with most companies now finishing work on Fri day afternoons around 3.30pm. The hours are not dissimilar to a retail occupation .As for a career for white males, this will depend on the area of the country; in the midlands there is a larger ethnic representation. The trade has definitely built up a reputation as a dominantley male industry due to one of the main contributing factors being the percieved impression that men are lecherous to women . This is not necessarily the case, many women would not wish to enter the construction industry at trade level because of the level of bad language or the inuendos they assume most men would use. Assumptions (Appendix 3) can be very negative. Other industries however, such as factories, can be as biased and have contant use of bad language . With equality being a very relavant point, I have worked in a florists from time to time and found women to be more open with what they say about the opposite sex and graphic .I found this more off putting than working on any site. Although the industry has done more in recent years to attract women and ethnic minorities, this is still a great challenge; despite more females taking construction courses, retention rates are still comparatively low once women start working. (CIOB, 2009) In our organisation, over the last two years, we have taken on six females in Carpentry and Brickwork with a total of 120 students overall .This works out to a total of 5% of female students in our department. Of the 5%, one has just enrolled, one has completed the course, two are carrying on to the second year and the other two dropped out in the first year. The industry needs to become more inclusive if it hopes to reduce skill shortages, and accept the wealth of knowledge and experience that women and ethnic minorities can offer. (CIOB, 2009) In researching for ways to develop an understanding for why women are not in construction, I realised that women are mainly isolated in the construction workplace. Unlike men, who are usually in substantially larger groups or gangs, such as Carpentry or Bricklaying. Looking further afield, many women travel to the Middle East to take up jobs in Architecture and Project Management, which is a more sociable side to the industry . Although our government express an interest in bringing women into the construction industry little incentive seems to be brought in to help achieve it. Other countries however, are trying to change this, for example, in South Africa in 2006 six construction companies owned by women were given public works contracts as part of a government initative at giving women a start in the construction industry each contract was worth more than a million rand ( £75,300).. (times, 2006) Conclusion Hibbett, A. (W.E.U., DTI), Meager, .N, (IES) (2003) Key indicators of womens position in Britain: Findings from a recent comprehensive study of women in Britain commissioned by the Women and Equality Unit. National Statistics: Labour Market Trends 111(No. 10): 9

Communicating Through Your Computer :: Technology Internet Chatting Papers

Communicating Through Your Computer I have heard the dangers of meeting people through the new technology of cyberspace. Through the media I have heard events in which females are missing, stalked, or raped for giving away their personal information to strangers through computers. I can recall a situation when I heard about a young teen girl agreeing to meet a male whom she thought was about her age. She agreed to meet him secretly, thinking that she was going to meet her love of her life. She took the bus and headed out east to meet this "prince". To the girl her life did not end like most fairy tales. The "prince" turned out to be the "big bad wolf"- a 42-year old just released from prison for rape and murder. The situation for the girl could have ended in a sad, tragic outcome but was saved by her best friend. The girl's friend informed the police and parents about the missing girl whereabouts. People view that chat rooms are filled with people lurking around hunting down naà ¯ve females for their targets. The stalking does not only occur to females but as well for the males. Now we do not all have pervert people in these chat rooms. Society should also see the positive point of view of what chat rooms do to individuals. The Internet has become a networking tool that has helped the society. One can look up topics, write letters, look up and plan events, shop from your favorite stores, and read or hear the news from your community or worldwide. Within minutes (or even less) one can establish contact with like-minded individuals and discuss interesting (and non-interesting) topics. One can participate in the synchronous communication or as we recognize it as chat rooms. We can communicate with unknown individuals, which can gradually lead into friendship and relationships. As mentioned before synchronous communication is viewed negatively but there is also a positive side. Communicating in chat rooms can lead into friendships or romance, helpful for the individuals who are shy, troubled or disabled. I was lonely and did not have any friends when I moved from home to attend the university. I would go to the library and see students communicate with other individuals through the computer. I was curious to see how one could interact a conversation with others through the chat rooms. I entered through one of the popular web providers- www.